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Tanda tanda i’rob bagi rofa’ dalam ilmu nahwu ada 4 (empat), yaitu:
• Dhummah (asal/utama)
• Waw
• Alif
• Nun
1. Dhummah
Dhummah menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa’ pada 4 tempat.
Pertama, dhummah menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa’ pada isim mufrad, baik isim mufrad munsharif maupun yang tidak munsharif.
Isim mufrad munsharif adalah isim mufrad yang bisa menerima harokat tanwin dan harkat kasrah.
Isim mufrad ghairu munsharif adalah isim mufrad yang tidak masuk sharaf (perubahan bentuk) atasnya disebabkan adanya 2 illat khusus dari illat yang sembilan dalam ilmu nahwu.
Contoh dhummah menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa’ pada isim mufrad:
قَالَ الأسْتَاذُ
Ini adalah contoh untuk isim mufrad yang munsharif, perhatikan kata “الأسْتَاذُ”. Posisinya sebagai fa’il, adapun faa’il hukumnya dalam i’rob marfu’. Maka, pada kata tersebut tanda rofa’nya dhummah ketika di i’rob.
وإذْ قَالَ إبْرَاهِيْمُ
Ini adalah contoh untuk isim mufraf yang ghairu munsharif, perhatikan kata “إبْرَاهِيْمُ”. Posisi kata ini dalam kalimat di atas adalah sebagai faa’il, karena faa’il hukumnya marfu’, maka tanda rofa’nya dalam i’rob adalah dhummah. Karena isim yang tidak munsharif di rofa’ dengan dhummah, dinashab dan dijar dengan fathah.
وإذْ قَالَ مُوْسَى
Ini adalah contoh isim mufrad ghairu munsharif, kata “مُوْسَى” adalah faa’il, adapun fa’il hukumnya marfu’, dikarenakan kata “musa” adalah isim maqsur, maka tanda rofa’nya adalah dhummah muqaddaroh (yang ditaqdirkan) atas alif.
Kedua, dhummah menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa’ pada jamak taksir, baik jamak taksir munsharif maupun yang tidak munsharif.
Jamak Taksir adalah jamak yang berubah bentuk mufradnya karena 3 sebab:
1. Bertambah huruf, contoh: رَجُلٌ menjadi رِجَالٌ
2. Berkurang, contoh: كِتَابٌ menjadi كُتُبٌ
3. Berganti, contoh: أسَدٌ menjadi أسُدٌ
Contoh dhummah menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa’ pada jamak taksir:
قَالَ أصْحَابُ مُوْسَى
Perhatikan kata “أصْحَابُ”. Kata ashabu adalah jamak taksir dari bentuk mufrad “صَاحِبٌ”. Kata ashabu dalam contoh posisinya sebagai fa’il (pelaku) dalam i’rob, hukum fa’il adalah marfu’, tanda rofa’nya adalah harokat dhummah yang tampak jelas berada di atas huruf ba’ pada kata ashabu.
Ketiga, dhummah menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa’ pada jamak muannats salim.
Jamak muannats salim adalah jamak yang ditandai dengan penambahan alif dan ta’. Jamak muannats salim ketika Rofa ditandai dengan huruf alif dan taa’.
Baik yang salim, artinya bentuk mufradnya tidak berubah ketika menjadi jamak.
Contoh: مُؤْمِنَاتُ jamak dari kata مُؤمِنَةٌ
Ataupun mukassar, artinya bentuk mufradnya berubah saat menjadi jamak.
Contoh: بَنَاتُ jamak dari kata بنْتٌ
Contoh dhummah menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa’ pada jamak muannats salim:
إذا جاءكَ المُؤْمِنَاتُ
Perhatikan kata “المُؤْمِنَاتُ”. Kata almu’minatu adalah faa’il, hukum fa’il adalah marfu, tanda rofa’nya dhummah yang tampak jelas berada di atas huruf akhir kata almu’minatu.
Keempat, dhummah menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa’ pada fi’il mudhari’ yang tidak bersambung dengan apapun. Baik fi’il mudhari’ itu shahih akhir ataupun yang mu’tal (mengandung huruf illah).
Contoh:
نَذْهَبٌ إلَى المدرسة
Perhatikan kata “نَذْهَبٌ”. Kata nazhabu adalah fi’il mudhari yang di ujungnya tidak bersambung dengan apapun, maka fi’il mudhari tersebut adalah marfu’, tanda rofa’nya harokat dhummah yang tampak jelas berada di atas huruf ba’.
2. Waw
Adapun waw menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa’ pada 2 tempat. Berikut ini adalah kalimat yang ketika rofa ditandi dengan wawu adalah jamak muzakkar salim dan asmaus sittah (isim yang 6).
Pertama, waw menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa’ pada jamak muzakkar salim.
Jamak muzakkar salim adalah kata yang menunjukkan banyak dimulai dari dua dan bentuk mufradnya tidak berubah ketika menjadi jamak.
Contoh jamak muzakkar salim:
مسلم – مسلمان – مسلمون
Contoh waw menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa pada jamak muzakkar salim:
يَفْرَحُ المُؤمِنُوْنَ
Huruf pada kata المُؤمِنُوْنَ adalah tanda i’rob ketika jamak muzakkar salim rofa’.
Jamak muzakkar salim dirofa’ dengan waw, dinashab dan dijar dengan yaa.
Kedua, waw menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa’ pada asmaus sittah atau isim yang enam.
Asmaus sittah ada 6 yaitu:
• أَبُوْكَ
• أَخُوكَ
• حَمُوك
• فُوك
• هَنُوك
• ذُو مَالٍ
Contoh waw menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa’ pada asmaus sittah:
• قَالَ أَبُوْكَ
• وَإنّهُ لَذُو عِلْمٍ
Huruf waw pada kata أَبُوْكَ dan لَذُو adalah tanda i’rob ketika asmaus sittah rofa’.
3. Alif
Adapun alif menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa pada mutsanna atau isim tasniyyah, yaitu kata yang menunjukkan dua.
Contoh alif menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa pada mutsanna:
• تَضَارَبَ رَجُلَانِ
• ذَهَبَ طَالِبَانِ
Huruf alif pada Kata رَجُلَانِ dan طَالِبَانِ adalah tanda i’rob ketika mutsanna atau isim tasniyyah berposisi rofa’.
4. Nun
Adapun huruf nun menjadi tanda i’rob bagi rofa pada fi’il mudhari yang bersambung dengan dhomir tasniyyah, dhomir jamak, dan dhomir muannats mukhotobah.
Pertama, jika bersambung dengan dhomir tasniyyah, contoh:
• وَالشّجَرُ يَسْجُدَانِ
Huruf nun pada kata يَسْجُدَانِ adalah contoh tanda i’rob bagi rofak ketika fi’il mudhari bersambung dengan dhomir tasniyyah.
Kedua, jika bersambung dengan dhomir jamak, contoh:
• والّذينَ يُؤْمِنٌون بالغيب
Huruf nun pada kata يُؤْمِنٌون pada contoh adalah tanda i’rob bagi rofa ketika fi’il mudhari bersambung dengan dhomir jamak.
Ketiga, jika bersambung dengan dhomir muannats mukhotobah, contoh dalam ayat alquran Allah berfirman:
أتَعْجَبين من أمر الله
Huruf nun pada kata أتَعْجَبين pada contoh adalah tanda i’rob bagi rofa ketika fi’il mudhari bersambung dengan dhomir muannats mukhotobah.
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