Secara garis besar “Hal” dalam ilmu nahwu adalah keadaan dari sebuah kelakuan.
Kata Syeikh Muhammad bin Sholih Al-‘Utsaimin dalam kitabnya Syarah Al-Jurumiyyah, Hal dalam istilah bahasa adalah sesuatu yang berada diatasnya sesuatu.
Berikut beberapa definisi hal secara istilah dari beberapa kitab nahwu:
- Kitab Al-Jurumiyyah karangan Al-imam Ash-Shanhaji
الحَالُ هُوَ الإسْمُ المَنْصُوْبُ المُفَسِّرُ لِمَا انْبَهَمَ مِنَ الهَيْئَاتِ
Terjemahannya
“Hal adalah isim mansub yang menjelaskan sesuatu yang samar dari kelakuan-kelakuan.”
- Kitab Mulakhos Qawaid Lughah Al-‘arabiyyah karangan Fuad Ni’mah
الحَالُ اسْمٌ نَكِرَةٌ مَنْصُوْبٌ بِبَيَنٍ هَيْئَةِ الفَاعِلِ أَوْ المَفْعُوْلِ بِهِ عِنْدَ وُقُوْعِ الفِعْلِ
Terjemahannya
“Hal adalah isim nakirah yang mansub yang menjelaskan keadaan kelakuan Faail (pelaku) atau maf’ul bih (objek) ketika terjadinya perbuatan.”
Hal dalam ilmu nahwu adalah jawaban dari (كَيْفَ) yang artinya bagaimana. Agar lebih mudah dipahami mari kita lihat contoh berikut ini:
جَاءَ زَيْدٌ رَاكِبًا
Kata (رَاكِبًا) adalah Hal, dimana jika ditanyakan (كَيْفَ جَاءَ زَيْدٌ؟), bagaimana zaid datang?.
Jawabannya adalah seperti contoh tadi yaitu (جَاءَ زَيْدٌ رَاكِبًا) artinya: Zaid datang dalam keadaan berkendara.
Pada dasarnya Hal menjelaskan keadaan Shohibul hal, seperti Faa’il, Maf’ul dan selainnya.
Adakalanya Hal menjelaskan Keadaan Faa’il. Contoh hal:
جَاءَ زَيْدٌ ضَاحِكًا
Artinya: Telah datang si Zaid dalam keadaan tertawa
Kata (ضَاحِكًا) adalah hal yang menjelaskan keadaan Faa’il, yaitu (زَيْدٌ).
Adakalanya Hal menjelaskan keadaan Maf’ul. Contoh;
رَكِبْتُ الفَرَسَ مُسْرَجًا
Artinya: aku menunggangi kuda (hal keadaan kuda) berpelana.
Kata (مُسْرَجًا) adalah Hal yang menjelaskan keadaan maf’ul bih, yaitu (الفَرَسَ).
Adapun Hal ada tiga jenis: Isim dhahir, Syibhul jumlah (jar majrur dan dharaf), Jumlah (Kalimat ismiyyah atau Fi’liyyah.
Isim Dhahir
Hal dari jenis isim dhahir biasanya adalah kata sifat yang musytaq yang bisa menjadi na’at. Contoh:
- رَاكِب
- مُسْرَج
- ضَاحِك
- مُنْتَصِر
- dan lain-lain.
Contoh Hal dari jenis isim dhahir dalam bentuk kalimat lihat di atas.
Hal dari isim dhahir harus sesuai dengan shohib hal dari segi jenis gender (muzakkar dan muannats) ataupun dari segi jumlahnya (mufrad, mutsanna dan jamak)
Contoh Hal dari isim dhahir yang mu’annats
- عَادَتِ السيرَةُ سَالِمَةٌ = mobil itu kembali dalam (keadaan) selamat
Contoh Hal dari isim dhahir yang mutsanna (dua)
- عَادَ المُسَافِرَانِ سَالِمَانِ = dua expeditor itu kembali dalam (keadaan) selamat
Syibhul Jumlah (Jar Majrur/Dharaf)
Hal dari bentuk syibhul jumlah adalah gabungan dari jar dan majrur atau dharaf dan madhruf. Contoh:
- رَأَيْنا المُسَافِرَ بَيْنَ العُشْبِ = kami melihat si petualang (keadaan) diantara ilalang
- جَاءَ القَئِدُ بِصُدْرَتِهِ الجَدِيْدَةِ = panglima datang dengan (keadaan) rompinya yang baru
Jumlah (Kalimat Ismiyyah/Fi’liyyah)
Hal dari jenis jumlah adalah hal yang terbentuk dari jumlah ismiyyah ataupun jumlah fi’liyyah. Contoh:
- جِئْتُ والوَرْدَةَ وَارِفَةٌ = aku datang ketika mawar sedang (keadaan) mekar
- جَرَى المَرْأَةُ وَهِيَ تَبْكِيْ = si perempuan berlari (dalam keadaan) sambil menangis
Jika hal dari jumlah fi’liyyah harus ada ikatan diantara hal dan shohib hal yaitu (وَهِيَ)
Ketentuan Hal Dalam Ilmu Nahwu
Harus Nakirah
Isim nakirah adalah isim yang bermakna umum, tidak khusus. Contoh hal dalam bentuk nakirah:
Kata (ضَاحِكًا) adalah isim yang berbentuk nakirah. Karena Hal dalam ilmu nahwu tidak boleh dalam bentuk ma’rifah, bisa ma’rifah dengan ketentuan tertentu, namun jarang.
Hanya setelah sempurna kalimat
Baru ada Hal jika kalimat telah sempurna, kalimat sempurna adalah jumlah ismiyyah ataupun jumlah fi’liyyah. Contoh:
- رَكِبْتُ الفَرَسَ مُسْرَجًا
Kalimat (رَكِبْتُ الفَرَسَ) adalah kalimat yang sempurna karena sudah terdiri dari fi’il, faa’il dan maf’ul.
Shohib hal wajib ma’rifah
Shohib hal adalah isim yang dijelaskan kelakuannya oleh Hal, dan ia harus berbentuk ma’rifah. Contoh:
- عَادَتِ السيرَةُ سَالِمَةٌ
Kata (السيرَةُ) adalah isim yang ma’rifah, salah satu tandanya adalh alif lam.
Itulah sekilas penjelasan tentang “Hal” dalam ilmu nahwu beserta ketentua-ketentuannya. Semoga bermanfaat….
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